How to Build a Woodland Wildflower Garden
When Chy and Ray Allen, the original founders of American Meadows, first moved to Vermont, they were delighted to find botanical treasures in their woods. Trilliums, violets, cardinal flowers, and many more lit up the woodland, so they built gravel paths and placed benches to make the woodland more inviting, and added even more plants to the wooded gardens.
Anyone who has seen America's native woodland wildflowers in bloom in spring knows how magnificent a woodland garden can be. You can create a simliar natural showcase in most shaded gardens!
Building a Woodland Wildflower Garden
Before you begin, look around or do some research to find which are native to your area.
- Stars of the Woodland Garden. Species like the Trilliums and wild Violets are just some of the scores of species that bloom in spring. In early summer, you can enjoy Columbines and our native Irises and even in late summer, the spectacular red Cardinal Flower can bring wonderful color to shaded areas. Hepatica, Bloodroot, and many others are available from American Meadows.
- Native Woodland Ferns: These are the natural companions for all our woodland wildflowers, adding elegance and beauty to any good woodland garden.
Choosing A Site & Plants For Your Woodland Wildflower Garden
Woodland gardening is like no other kind of gardening. With these more traditional gardens, you can pretty much dictate the location, make a few adjustments, and begin. In the case of woodland gardening, it's all important to work with nature, not against it. Start with a plan to enhance an area that's already attractive, an area that nature has chosen for rich growth and good conditions. In extreme cases, you may have to create such an area, but it's usually best to start with a naturally shady location. Bonus features are existing woodland wildflowers, ease of access, attractive rocks, and maybe a water feature.
- Light Requirement: The first requirement is shade, as you'd normally find in a wooded area.
- Moisture: Most of these plants enjoy moist conditions year round, in what is usually called "wet woodland", but there are some exceptions.
- Soil Type: For a woodland garden, your soil type is critical. A little work at the beginning to find out if you soil is acid or alkaline will pay big dividends for years once your garden is planted. For example, a White Trillium cannot survive in very acid soil under some pine trees. Conversely, Mayflower (Trailing Arbutus) cannot survive without heavily acidic soil. Testing your soil for acidity/alkalinity before you begin is absolutely necessary. You can buy a soil test kit at any garden center, and if you need help, your local Extension Service always has an expert ready to help you, free of charge.
There are large groups of these plants that enjoy various soil types. For example, the Red Trillium doesn't care if it's in neutral/alkaline woods or a pine thicket that has heavily acid soil. Test your soil type, and then proceed with plants that thrive in your soil. - Organic Matter: Woodland wildflowers need soil that's rich in organic matter. They naturally grow in areas with decades of leaf mold, and usually plenty of decomposed branches, etc. If your area does not have this sort of soil, you can help it by preparing soil with compoased leaves (it's best to prepare soil a season in advance, if possible), or adding peat moss, but it may be well worth your while to import some woods soil.
You've probably heard that all soil has a "pH." That's a measure of the amount of lime (or calcium) you have in your soil. Generally, moist climates have soils that tend toward acid, and dry climates tend toward are alkaline. On the pH scale, soils with a pH higher than 7.0 are considered alkaline, and below that number are considered acid. Soil with a rating of 7.0 is considered "neutral."
The way these various soil types affect the natural occurrence of Vermont's three common trilliums is a classic illustration. In fact, many trillium species, like lady slippers, are markers for various soils.
| Red Trillium, T. erectum | Occurs all over the state since it is adaptable as to soil type. |
|---|---|
| White Trillium, T. grandiflorum | Prefers neutral to alkaline soil, so occurs in huge drifts along the Lake Champlain shore, but is rare throughout the rest of the state. |
| Painted Trillium, T. undulatum | Absolutely demands acidic habitat, so is absent along the lakeshore, but is found throughout the rest of the state, and is quite common in high-elevation evergreen forests. |
Choosing Flowering Plants & Bloom Times
The plants you're working with fall into several categories, based on their bloom times. Woodland is famous for spring bloom, but if you plan correctly, you can have good color at other times, too. The groups in the box below show just a sampling of the plants you might consider.
Group 1: Early Spring Bloom
These are the first flowers. The bloom is always before leaf-out, and well before the big bloom of most spring flowers. Here are a few examples to represent this group:
- Wildflowers: Hepatica, Marsh Marigold, Bloodroot
Group 2: Mid-Spring Bloom
This will be the glorious climax of bloom for any woodland garden. When tulips and daffodils are bloom in your yard, these flowers will be in bloom in your woodland. Here are a few examples to represent this group:
- Wildflowers: Trilliums, Violets, Solomon Seals, Bellwort, Virginia Bluebells, Wild Anemones, Mayflower, Trout Lilies, Foam Flower, Bishop's Cap, Dutchman's Breeches, Wild Ginger, Spring Beauty
Group 3: Late Spring/Early Summer
This group carries your garden into summer, as your woodland leafs out and becomes shady. Here are a few plants to represent this group:
- Wildflowers: Wild Lilies, Wild Iris (Blue Flag, Crested Iris, etc), Wild Columbine, Meadow Rue
Group 4: Summer/Fall
After your woodland canopy is fully leafed-out, there will be fewer wildflowers to add color to your garden. But plan for the few that do make a big difference. They are taller, larger plants, and all-important for summer/fall highlights.
- Wildflowers: Wild Blue Phlox, Cardinal Flower, Foxglove, Woodland Goldenrods, Tiger Lilies*
- * Naturalized wildflowers common in the US.
Native Ferns: Instant Elegance For Your Garden
There is no group that can add more interest in less time than North America's famous native ferns. Species such as Christmas Fern will add a texture and grace to your garden. Larger ferns such as the Ostrich Ferns make stunning natural focal points wherever they grow. The ferns are the natural companions for your woodland wildflowers, and they can be used to fill spaces, define areas, and provide magnificent background for your flowering favorites. Shop Ferns
Shop Woodland Wildflowers
Patience: An Important Ingredient In Any Woodland Garden
Unless you already have a big bloom of woodland wildflowers, shrubs or native flowering trees, your woodland garden is going to take time.
Everyone knows raising flowering shrubs or trees will take several seasons, and the same is true of many of the wildflowers. Some are simpler. Species like marsh marigold, cardinal flower, violets, and many others will reward you with bloom quickly—often the next spring after you plant them. But others are going to take time.
For example, everyone wants to grow trilliums in their woodland, and why not? They are probably the most spectacular of all the spring wildflowers. But knowing the facts is important. From seed, a white trillium plant takes between six and 10 years to bloom. So the age of the plants you install will determine the time you'll have to wait for your first flowers. The waiting time will vary species to species; simply keep the plants healthy and be patient.
The important thing is to carefully watch all the plants, and if they are unhappy where you put them, try to change the conditions, or dig them up with plenty of soil, and move them to a better spot. You'll know when they're established, and then nature will pretty much take its course as your garden matures.
Recommended Resources
For identification on hikes and visits to preserves, you'll want at least one of these. Almost every bookstore or website has them. Be sure the one you buy covers your area.
Audubon Field Guide
The official title is The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers. This famous book has an Eastern and Western edition for the US. Both are famous for their great photos, which some think make identification easier than the use of drawings that are found in the other guides.
The Peterson Guide
Official name is A Field Guide to Wildflowers by Roger Tory Peterson and McKenny. This classic guide covers most of the US, and lists thousands of species. Like the Audubons, it is arranged by color, and easy to use. However, the flowers are shown in Peterson's famous drawings, not photos. Some people think this makes identification easier.
Armitage's Native Plants for American Gardens
by Allen M. Armitage. This is the newest of the group, published by Timber Press in 2006. Allen Armitage is a great garden writer and a true expert. His information is clear and useful.
Growing and Propagating Wildflowers on the US and Canada
by Wm. Cullina of the New England Wildflower Society. This is a large book published by Houghton Mifflin in 2000, and is often considered the definitive volume on the subject. Great photography and clear, concise information.
Wildflowers in Your Garden
by Viki Ferreniea, published by Regina Ryan of Random House in 1993. A great book that is unfortunately out of print. Ms. Ferreniea is one of America's leading plant experts, and her book remains one of the best. Excellent writing, and clear how-to for gardeners.
Growing and Propagating Wildflowers
by Harry R. Phillips. This book, published by The University of North Carolina Press in 1985, is often available in paperback and very useful for wild gardeners. It is a result of the great work done with wild flora in North Carolina. Edited by well-known experts there, C. Ritchie Bell and Ken Moore. Highly recommended.
Wildflower Associations and Native Plant Societies
As soon as someone gets interested in woodland plants, the interest almost always leads to a native plant society or other wildflower conservation organization. These groups often include local experts, have plant and seed sales, and introduce you to other wildflower gardeners. Nearly every state and Canadian province has an active Native Plant Society, and your nearby group or groups would be more than happy to welcome you into membership. Two of the most famous are The New England Wildflower Society, in Massachusetts, and the groups in North Carolina. The California Native Plant Society is very large and has chapters all over the state.
